copper can also affect the thyroid gland, which in turn affects a wide variety of body systems. (1)
IUDs containing progestin do not have as much risk of blood clots as oral contraceptives containing estrogen, but still have other side effects similar to the pill, such as headaches, nausea, and weight gain. More serious side effects include depression and anxiety, increased risk of ectopic pregnancy, and migration of the IUD outside the uterus. (2) Both types of IUDs (as well as oral contraceptives) can often be abortifacient as well.
While some women find the insertion process only mildly uncomfortable, others find it exceedingly painful. The risk of the IUD perforating the uterus is low, but it increases significantly if the insertion is done between 4 days and six weeks of giving birth. (3)
While an IUD may seem like a simple way to prevent pregnancy, putting a foreign object in your body does present risks. Whether the object contains copper or hormones, a wide variety of side effects may result. A chart comparing hormonal contraception with fertility-awareness based methods is available here.
Avoiding pregnancy can be done naturally with no side effects by becoming aware of the days of your cycle when you are fertile, and avoiding intercourse on those days. See https://naturalwomanhood.org/topic/fertility-awareness-methods/ for more information.
- https://iudalert.com/copper-iud/
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https://iudalert.com/hormonal-iuds/
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https://newsroom.uw.edu/news-releases/iud-perforation-rare-women-should-still-know-about-it